The Demonstration Site (DS) is called “Salso-Simeto” water system; it is situated in Eastern Sicily – Italy (14.8830 E, 37.4404 N; WGS84). The area, of about 56,127 ha, is mainly cultivated with citrus orchards and the “Sicilia Orientale” Reclamation Consortium manages it. The watershed of the water system runs eastward over the highly permeable volcanic terrains of Mount Etna, northward along the Nebrodi Mountains, westward it borders the basin of the Southern Imera River, and southeast and south along the mountains that form the boundary between the basins of the Gela, Acate, and San Leonardo (Lentini) rivers. The basin, with a perimeter of 340.32 Km, has an elevation ranging from a minimum of 0 meters a.s.l. to a maximum of 3,274 meters a.s.l., with an average value of 531 meters a.s.l.. The hydrographic characteristics of the basin are highly varying due to geological nature, morphology, altitude, and exposure of the slopes. The main watercourses flowing through the area are the Simeto River (with its tributaries Dittaino, Salso, and Gornalunga), the Troina River (with its tributary Di Sotto di Troina), the Cutò River, and the Saracena River. The territory of the Salso-Simeto system is characterized by a strong contrast between the mountainous areas and the vast plain. Specifically, the valleys of the Simeto, Troina, Salso, Dittaino, and Gornalunga rivers form a wide fan, bordered to the east by the volcanic massif of Mount Etna, to the north by the Nebrodi mountain range, to the northwest and west by the eastern part of the Madonie, to the southwest by the Erei, and to the south by the Iblei Mountains. The main river receives four tributaries, each of which has artificial reservoirs: Ancipa on the Troina River, Pozzillo on the Salso River, Nicoletti on the Dittaino River, Sciaguana on the Sciaguana and Don Sturzo (also known as Ogliastro) on the Gornalunga River. The climate in the study area is hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa) according to the Köppen-Geiger classification. It is mainly characterized by ancient alluvial terraces, where citrus orchards are predominant. The irrigable area is of about 50,000 ha whereas the actual irrigated area is of about 24,000 ha. The distribution of water resources to the various irrigation areas is performed using “shift” modalities, with an irrigation allocation set by the managing entity (Reclamation Consortium “Sicilia Orientale”). Specifically, the irrigation season runs from May 1 to October 31. The actual duration, and consequently the number of irrigations and the seasonal volume, varies from year to year depending on climatic conditions and water availability. In particular, the theoretical number of “shift” for citrus orchards in the DS is 8; for each, an irrigation volume of approximately 600 m³/ha is provided. Within the supplied irrigated areas, numerous small farms are located, mainly cultivated with citrus orchards. The irrigation contribution requested by the reclamation consortium to the users associated (local farmers) consists of two parts: a fixed and a variable fee. The fixed fee is required even if the water is not used and is set per hectare of irrigable surface area, calculated by multiplying the cadastral income (reference year 1939) by a fixed rate. The variable fee is determined based on the irrigated area and, in some cases, the type of crop. This DS has a long-standing tradition of cultivating blood oranges with over 500 farms in 32 different communes, thus producing over 30,000 tonnes annually. Moreover, these blood oranges are designated as PGI products that contribute to the entire value chain, as the processing takes place within the Province.